Getting Started
The pool automatically serves work of optimal difficulty by estimating the speed of your miners and applying gradual adjustments to the share target. It may take a couple minutes for the difficulty to stabilize. Share difficulty changes do not influence your expected earnings.
If desired, the default adaptive mechanism can be overridden by appending “ ,d=N ” to the worker’s password (in your miner’s configuration, not on the website). Do not insert any whitespace or thousands separators. For example, if a worker’s password is “ foo ”, connecting with password “ foo,d=1024 ” will ask for share difficulty 1024. Keep in mind that difficulty can only be set on a per-connection basis, so if you connect multiple workers via a proxy they will all share the same difficulty (this is a limitation of the standard Stratum protocol). Moreover, the server may round or cap the difficulty you asked for in order to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
Keep in mind that some ASIC devices (particularly older ones) may malfunction if you don’t set an appropriate difficulty manually.
Additionally, the pool also supports BFGminer’s —request-diff option to manually set an initial share difficulty.
Mining Securely
If your mining software supports Stratum over SSL/TLS, you can connect to port 3443 (instead of 3333) to obtain a secure encrypted connection. This makes it impossible for a man-in-the-middle attacker to send malicious spoofed requests to your miner. All our servers support this feature, including the Tor hidden service.
Using a Proxy
If you have many miners running within a local network, using a Stratum proxy allows you to significantly reduce your bandwidth usage. Slush’s open-source Stratum proxy is available here. You start the proxy on one of your machines as follows:
mining_proxy -o litecoinpool.org -p 3333 -st -nm
Then you connect your miners to that machine on port 3333 with the usual pool worker username and password. For example, if the proxy is running on 192.168.1.123, your miners should connect to stratum+tcp://192.168.1.123:3333 rather than directly to the pool.
Tor Service
Both the website and the mining interface are also accessible as a Tor hidden service:
ltcpool3xuouogwalpo6gf46o2nuwf4vlrq55e5vljwvunbjpd65t4id.onion
Stratum is available there on port 3333 if you would like to connect though a Tor proxy.
FAQ
Would Litecoin mining be profitable for me? Short answer: not if you intend to use GPUs or CPUs, even if you don’t pay for electricity.
Long answer: it depends on many factors, including your hardware, the cost of electricity and the market price of Litecoin. In practice, nowadays you can only make a profit by using ASIC (application-specific) hardware. Check out our mining profitability calculator. Can I use a Bitcoin ASIC miner to mine Litecoin? No, you need an ASIC designed to mine Litecoin. Litecoin and Bitcoin use two very different hashing algorithms (scrypt and SHA-256d, respectively). Is there a pool fee? No, even the nominal PPS fee was removed when merged mining was introduced. In fact, the “fee” is now negative: the PPS ratio is currently 425%, meaning that miners earn 325% more than with a 0-fee PPS system. What is the PPS ratio? Short answer: all else being equal, the higher the PPS ratio, the more litecoins you earn.
Long answer: a PPS ratio of 1 (or 100%) corresponds to the expected earnings of a Litecoin solo miner in an ideal world, without taking into account aspects such as orphaned blocks. (In practice, a Litecoin solo miner will always achieve a slightly lower ratio in the long run.) We say “expected” earnings because mining is a stochastic (random) process, and it is therefore impossible to know beforehand exactly how much a miner will earn in a given amount of time.
Thanks to merged mining, the pool can achieve PPS ratios higher than 100%. What is merged mining? Merged mining is a technique that allows multiple cryptocurrencies to be mined simultaneously. This is unrelated to what “profit-switching” pools do, as in merged mining all chains are mined at the same time. For this reason, merged mining does not cause sudden difficulty spikes and does not harm any of the involved networks. How and when does the PPS ratio change? The PPS ratio depends on factors such as the current network difficulty and market price of merged-mined cryptocurrencies. Since these elements can be highly volatile, the ratio can change at any time. Where is my Dogecoin balance? The pool does not keep balances for Dogecoin or any of the other cryptocurrencies that it merge-mines. All accounting is done in litecoins based on the current PPS ratio, which takes everything into consideration. Simply put, this means that instead of receiving separate payments in several cryptocurrencies, you receive more litecoins. Is there anything I need to do to allow merged mining? No, the pool takes care of merged mining automatically. No special configuration is needed on the miner’s side. Can I use the same worker name and password for more than one physical miner? Yes, but if you use different workers it is easier to track your miners’ performance. Your expected rewards will be the same either way. What happens if I reset a worker? A reset resets all of a worker’s counters and statistics: shares, blocks, partial rewards and hash rate averages, including the hash rate history displayed in the charts. It does not affect an account’s rewards or global statistics. What is a share? A share is a unit of reward that miners earn by submitting proofs of work (the result of hashing) to the pool. The term “share” originates from the reward system of proportional pools, whose total earnings are distributed among miners in proportion to the number of shares they submit.
In a PPS (pay-per-share) system, shares are paid directly to miners, indipendently of how many blocks the pool actually finds. What is network difficulty? Network difficulty is a number (currently 29344903.666062) that gives an indication of how difficult it is to find a block. The Litecoin network automatically adjusts its difficulty every few days so that blocks are found on average every 2.5 minutes. This means that the more hashing power is on Litecoin, the harder it is to find a block. What is share difficulty? Share difficulty is a number that gives an indication of how difficult it is to find a share. The lower this number, the more shares a miner will find at a given speed, and the lower their value. For this reason, share difficulty does not affect miners’ expected earnings. Why does the pool report more shares than my miner? This pool serves variable-difficulty work units, so when you solve a share the pool counts it with multiplicity, according to its difficulty. For example, if you solve a share that is four times as difficult as the baseline share, it gets counted as four shares. Why variable-difficulty (“vardiff”) shares? The technique of adapting the difficulty to each miner’s hash rate allows the pool to measure workers’ speed more precisely while keeping bandwidth usage optimal. How does share difficulty influence my earnings? Short answer: it doesn’t.
Long answer: a higher/lower share difficulty does not mean you will be earning more/less, because your expected earnings are independent of the share difficulty: they only depend on your hash rate and on the network difficulty. A higher share difficulty can only increase the variance, but not in a significant way. How is the value of a share (a.k.a. the PPS rate) computed? The standard PPS formula is used: BS × R / ND × (SD / 65536), where BS is the block subsidy (currently 6.25 LTC), R is the PPS ratio (currently 4.25), ND is the network difficulty, and SD is the share difficulty (expressed as a multiple of the minimum share difficulty). Do block finders get extra reward? No. That would go against one of the main goals of the PPS system, which is to minimize variance. It would also make miners who don’t find blocks earn less, as the PPS rate would need to be adjusted downwards.
We do list recently found blocks and their finders, but only for the sake of transparency. How do idle worker notifications work? You have the option to let the pool monitor your workers and notify you with an email when they go idle. Monitoring can be enabled separately for each of your workers, so if you wish you can have the pool monitor only a subset of your miners. If multiple workers go idle simultaneously (within one minute), you will only receive one email listing all of them.
You will not receive further notifications for any given worker until it starts submitting shares again, and in any case not before 15 minutes have elapsed since the last notification. Can I use an exchange address for payouts? While technically possible, we advise against using addresses provided by exchanges or other third-party services. One of the main problems is that you do not fully control these addresses, and in particular if a problem arises you usually have no way to prove that you are the legitimate owner.
If you decide to use a third-party address anyway, we strongly recommend that you do not lock the address. This is because at any point an exchange may stop accepting funds to an address and require you to use a new one (yes, this has happened). Why am I not receiving payouts? The exact conditions for payout are listed on your Payments page. Please note that for your own security, whenever you change your payout address all payouts are suspended for 24 hours. I keep getting the message “Stratum requested work restart”. It is perfectly normal to get this message a few times per minute. It simply means that your miner is switching to a new work unit, because the previous one is no longer valid. Because of the stochastic nature of mining, frequent work updates (which are necessary for efficient merged mining) do not mean that your work goes wasted. I get the message “stale share detected, submitting as user requested”. That is also normal for some mining software. I’ve just started mining and all my shares are being rejected, what’s wrong? Make sure that your miner supports the scrypt algorithm, and that it is configured correctly. My miner shows up as online, but with 0 speed. Is that normal? No, something is probably wrong with your configuration. See the previous question. Why doesn’t the hash rate reported by the pool match that reported by my miner? Because of how pooled mining works, the pool has no way of knowing your exact hash rate, so it can only estimate it based on how frequently you submit shares. After you start mining, it takes about 10 minutes for the estimates to become accurate. They will never be very precise, though; even if your miner’s hash rate is steady, the pool estimate will keep fluctuating around the actual speed. The pool keeps reporting a much lower hash rate than my miner. What’s going on? If the estimate displayed on the site remains consistently too low even after a few hours, then chances are that you are experiencing hardware errors.
Mining software usually checks every solution generated by your hardware devices, and if one turns out to be incorrect because of hardware errors it (rightfully) doesn’t submit it. Since pools can only estimate your hash rate based on how many solutions you submit in a given amount of time, the estimate will be lower than your real raw hashrate. This raw hashrate, which mining software usually displays, is, however, not meaningful if the solutions your card generates are wrong.
If using cgminer or one of its derivatives, you need to make sure that all of the HW figures are zero or next-to-zero; if that’s not the case, you should review your settings.
There are many things that can cause hardware errors, but the most common ones are: a bad or insufficient power supply, overclocking, and faulty hardware. It is worth noting that modern ASIC circuitry tends to deteriorate with time and use, and that when one of the (many) hashing modules inside an ASIC goes bad there is usually no way to fix it. What are stale shares? Servers provide each miner with some unique data that the miner must use to find a share. This data needs to be updated every time a new block appears on the Litecoin network, and that’s why servers must promptly notify miners when they detect a new block. Every second you keep on mining for the old block is wasted, because that block has already been found. If a new block is found before a submitted share hits the server, the share is marked as “stale”, and yields no reward.
Stale shares are caused by latency, which can happen at various levels. The most obvious cause is a high ping time to the server, which however shouldn’t affect the stale rate by more than 0.5% in the worst case. I’m getting more than 1% of stale shares, is this normal? No. On our Stratum servers, most miners achieve stale rates well below 1%. Some software-related latency may be unavoidable for some setups, but if your stale rate is above 1% then something probably needs to be fixed. Should I set the —no-submit-stale option in cgminer? No, you should not set that option. If you set it, your rewards may be lower. What is Stratum? Stratum is a network protocol for pooled mining, designed as a replacement for the now obsolete “getwork” protocol. It was originally proposed by Marek Palatinus (aka Slush), who also wrote a proxy for miners that could only understand the getwork protocol.
Today most mining software supports the Stratum protocol natively, but the Stratum proxy is still useful for reducing network bandwidth usage on large installations. What is the “resume” extension to Stratum? It is an extension to the original Stratum mining protocol, jointly designed by Slush and ckolivas, the maintainer of cgminer. If your mining pool supports the extension and your Internet connection has a hiccup, the server may still accept any shares that your miners found while disconnected, if they reconnect and submit them within a reasonable time. As simple as this may sound, it is actually tricky to implement this feature correctly, because Stratum is not a stateless protocol. Some of my shares get rejected with the message “time-too-old”. Please upgrade to a more recent version of cgminer. —> Why did my Google Authenticator codes suddenly stop working? It might be because the time on your Google Authenticator app is not synced correctly. To make sure that you have the correct time, go to the main menu on the Google Authenticator app, and select “Settings”, “Time correction for codes”, “Sync now”. How can I delete my account? Please send an email to support. Make sure you include your username. What Android apps can I use to monitor my workers? You can check your workers with CheckPool, LitecoinPool.org Monitor, MinerBox, Mining Monitor 4 Litecoinpool or PoolWatch. What iOS apps can I use to monitor my workers? You can check your workers with Ethereum Mining Monitor, Litecoinpool Monitor, Litecoinpool Viewer or MinerBox.
Any Questions?
If you need further assistance, please send an email to support litecoinpool.org. Alternatively, you can contact Pooler in the #litecoinpool channel on Freenode IRC, or ask on the forum.
Please note that we will not provide assistance to GPU miners, as it would only be a waste of time and energy for everybody involved.
Что такое шары в майнинге. Как сложность решений влияет на добычу криптовалюты
Любой майнер слышал термины “шара” и “сложность шары”. Понятия важные — в том числе для заработка, так что их нужно понимать. Давайте разберёмся, что такое шара, зачем ей нужна сложность, чем шара отличается от решения блока и почему их нельзя путать.
Чтобы хорошо усвоить материал, настоятельно рекомендуем прочитать статью “Что такое майнинг? Удача в майнинге”. А ещё лучшё — всю Криптобиблию, где собраны наши лучшие статьи о принципах работы криптовалют, майнинга и других смежных тем.
Майнинг пул Эфириума. Источник: 2Miners.com
Давайте обратимся к Эфириум-пулу 2Miners. Пул использует систему выплат PPLNS, а на главной майнинг-пула указана сложность шары — 8,6G. Похоже на обозначение сети мобильного интернета из далёкого будущего, но это не так. Начинаем.
Сложность шары. Источник: 2Miners.com
Что такое шара (share) в майнинге
Поскольку майнинг-устройство — видеокарта — в одиночку будет очень долго искать правильное решение блока, для ускорения процесса каждое такое устройство получает задачку со значительно меньшей сложностью. В свою очередь майнинг-пул проверяет, не является ли каждое решение заодно и полным решением задачи. Таким образом даже слабенькие устройства, работающие одновременно над одной задачей, имеют шанс найти её решение, которое позволит создать новый блок.
Майнинг-пул получает решения от всех майнеров, которые к нему подключены. Если одно из этих многих решений оказывается правильным, пул получает вознаграждение за созданный блок.
Шара (share) — возможное решение блока. Ключевое слово — “возможное”.
Очень часто люди видят в майнере SHARE FOUND, радостно кричат и ошибочно полагают, что нашли блок! Как было в романе «Чапаев и пустота» Виктора Пелевина: выглядит как решение блока, но на самом деле нет ни блока, ни решения.
Например, если решением блока должно быть число с десятью нулями на конце, то шара может быть числом с пятью нулями на конце. Оставшиеся пять цифр — полный рандом, хотя в теории там могут быть еще пять нулей. Одна из шар рано или поздно будет иметь не только пять, но и все десять нулей. Вот она и будет решением блока.
Очень часто юные майнеры думают, что надписи “Share Found” и “Share accepted” значат, что они нашли блок. А если посмотреть на скриншот ниже, то найденных блоков и вовсе “окажется” два, ну а майнерам в таком случае якобы полагается много-много денег.
Интерфейс майнера Claymore. Источник: Claymore
Нет, не полагается. Шара нужна майнинг-пулу, чтобы оценить вклад отдельного майнера в общую работу пула по нахождению блока.
На основании постоянно отправляемых шар майнером пулу последний строит график хешрейта майнера, оценивает вклад майнера в поиск блока и понимает, находится майнер в онлайне или нет.
Существует большое количество способов оценки вклада майнера или распределения вознаграждения: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT и другие. Это большой материал для отдельной статьи. Пока рассмотрим одну из систем — PPLNS.
Как работают выплаты PPLNS
PPLNS расшифровывается как «Pay Per Last N Shares» или по-русски «Оплата за последние N шар». Здесь N — произвольное число, заданное администраторами майнинг-пула. Например, N = 20000. Что это означает?
Часто в чатах о майнинге, идут подобные разговоры: “вот на пуле NNN шар в час 10, а на пуле AAA — всего 2. Да, такое возможно, просто на пуле ААА сложность шар больше, но при этом прибыль майнеров на обоих пулах будет одинаковой.
При нахождении блока выплаты майнерам производятся в соответствии с долей их вклада в последние 20 тысяч шар пула. То есть если награда за блок Эфира — 2 ETH, а ваших шар в последних 20 тысяч на пуле будет, к примеру, 1000, тогда вы получите 5 процентов от всего блока — 0.1 ETH. Математика простая.
На 2Miners можно зайти в статистику и в автоматическом режиме посмотреть, какая доля у ваших шар на пуле в данный момент. Рассмотрим пример с майнером, адрес кошелька которого — 0x7aa5e01be053e585a756586ee3fcd7b3f41fcd49.
Вставляем его в верхнем правом углу пула и попадаем в статистику. Долю шар можно найти в желтой рамочке:
Доля решений майнера. Источник: 2Miners.com
Сложность шары
Возвращаемся к началу статьи. Разберёмся с тем, что такое сложность шар 8,6G. Она, к слову, может быть 4G, 8G, 16G, 1000000G и так далее.
Ещё раз настоятельно рекомендуем прочитать “Что такое майнинг? Удача в майнинге”. Если вы «в теме», тогда смотрим сложность сети Ethereum:
Сложность Эфириум-пула 2Miners. Источник: 2Miners.com
На момент написания статьи сложность сети Ethereum 2.60 P = 2 600 T = 2 600 000 G. Иногда сложность обозначают в P/T/G или Ph/Th/Gh. Сути это не меняет, сложность Эфира 2.6 петахеш = 2.6 тысячи терахеш = 2.6 миллиона гигахеш.
Далее для простоты мы будем рассматривать только идеальный мир — то есть удачу в 100 процентов. Предположим, что пулы выстраиваются в очередь и получают блоки по порядку в соответствии со своим хешрейтом: у 2Miners 500 Mh/s — вот ему десять блоков в день, у XMiners 5000 Mh/s — вот ему сто блоков в день.
На деле же всё может быть совершенно не так, один день пул при хешрейте 500 Mh/s получит 5 блоков, другой день — 10 блоков, третий день — 13 блоков, хотя хешрейт будет всё те же 500 Mh/s. Однако если рассмотреть большой промежуток времени, удача будет стремиться к 100 процентам, о чём мы уже говорили в статье об удаче.
Итак, идеальный мир, удача 100 процентов, смотрим на сеть Эфириума:
- если бы сложность шар была 2.6 P, то каждая шара была бы решением блока;
- если бы сложность шар была 1.3 P, то каждая вторая шара была бы решением блока;
- если бы сложность шар была 2.6 T, то каждая тысячная шара была бы решением блока.
Улавливаете? Если сложность сети Ethereum составляет 2.55 P, а сложность шар пула равна 8.6G, то пул должен получить в идеальном мире 296.5 тысячи шар, чтобы найти решение одного блока. Иными словами, при идеальном стечении обстоятельств — или как говорят, 100 процентах удачи — после каждых 296.5 тысячи шар пул будет находить блок.
Кстати, на основе этих данных можно понять структуру показателя удачи. Он равен отношению количества отправленных шар к расчётному значению шар, которые нужно отправить для нахождения блока.
Повторим: в реальном мире это могут быть десять шар или даже два миллиона шар. Если взять несколько недель или даже месяцев при постоянной сложности сети и сложности шар, то среднее количество шар на один блок на этом пуле будет стремиться к 296.5 тысячи.
Связь сложности шары и сложности майнинга
Сделаем важные выводы.
- Найденная шара и решение блока — разные термины.
- Сложность шар не влияет на количество блоков, которые находит пул.
- Сложность шар не влияет на доход майнера.
- Шары нужны лишь для того, чтобы майнеры могли следить за работой ферм, а пул мог распределять награду между майнерами.
Если майнер на пуле всего один, можно поставить сложность шар, равную сложности сети. В этом случае визуально в статистике пула не будет происходить ничего. График скорости будет пуст, а в онлайне или офлайне ферма — будет неизвестно. Абсолютно. А потом наступит чудесный момент и блок вдруг найдётся! А потом опять придётся сидеть в засаде часами или днями — это очень неудобно.
Например, поэтому даже на соло пулах 2Miners.com майнеры отправляют шары небольшой сложности. Это делается ради графиков, статистики и данных о статусе работы фермы — то есть в онлайне она или нет.
Статистика сети Эфириума. Источник: 2Miners.com
А уж если майнеров несколько, то при большой сложности и равной сложности сети будет просто непонятно, как распределить вознаграждение. Сложность шар подбирается на майнинг-пуле таким образом, чтобы майнеры работали комфортно и видели подробную статистику своей работы, а пул не обезумел от безумного количества полученных шар и не прилёг отдохнуть от нагрузки, ведь каждую шару нужно будет проверить.
Главное, что вы должны запомнить — сложность шар не влияет на ваш доход. Также может серьёзно отличаться количество шар на разных пулах с разными настройками сложности шар. Это не значит, что большее количество шар в час будет приносить больше денег. Денег будет везде одинаково.
Share actual difficulty что это
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FAQ по майнингу
Cryptonote майнинг часто задаваемые вопросы
Why is hashrate different on pool dashboard?
Your mining software and the pool may show different numbers for your hashrate. This is because the pool is reporting a hash rate based on a guess — it estimates your hashrate based on the shares you submit. When in doubt, trust your mining software. It is telling you the actual hashrate. Pools can differ in their display of hashrate too.
Since you start to mine your hashrate grows gradually. Please wait. The pool determines your hashrate based on the amount of shares sent by your mining rigs (workers). This value could be a little bit different from reported hasrate (in your mining software).
When I will get my Coins form mining Pool?
You will get your Coins once your balance reaches the Pool payment threshold, then once the pool runs the next payment batch. Depending of pool, payment batch is run every N hours (it should be indicated on the pool website).
What is share?
Share is a possible valid hash for the block. Shares are beings sent by your rigs to the pool to prove their work.
What is PPLNS and PPS rewards methods?
PPLNS
PPLNS stands for Pay Per Last (luck) N Shares. This method calculates your payments based on the number of shares you submitted during a shift. It includes shift system which is time based or by number of shares submitted by the miners on the pool. Your pool may find blocks consistently or in overtime it may have huge variations in winning a block and that ultimately affects your payments. PPLNS greatly involves luck factor and you’ll notice huge fluctuations in your 24 hour payout. If you maintain your mining on a single pool then your payouts will remain consistent and it only differs when new miners join or leave the pool.
PPS
Pay Per Share pays you an average of the number of shares that you contributed to the pool in finding blocks. PPS pays you on solid rate and is more of a direct method which completely eliminates luck factor. In PPS method regardless of the pools lucky at winning blocks you’re going to get 100% payout at the end of the day. This is because there is a standard payout set for each miners based on their hash power. It won’t be more than 100% or less than that and with this PPS method you can easily calculate your potential earnings.
On the other hand with PPLNS payment system on average you can either get more than 100% or less than that. It is based on how lucky the pool is at finding blocks.
Which one is better?
Both payment systems have their merits. PPS is generally preferred by miners (holding all else equal) given they do not have to take on the additional risk of variance (luck). However with PPLNS it is possible to get paid out more than 100% if you (or your pool) is very lucky or less if your pools is unlucky.
Other Payment Systems
Double Geometric Method (DGM)
A hybrid between PPLNS and Geometric reward types that enables to operator to absorb some of the variance risk. Operator receives portion of payout on short rounds and returns it on longer rounds to normalize payments.
Equalized Shared Maximum Pay Per Share (ESMPPS)
Like SMPPS, but equalizes payments fairly among all those who are owed.
Pay On Target (POT)
A high variance PPS variant that pays on the difficulty of work returned to pool rather than the difficulty of work served by pool.
Pay Per Last N Shifts/Groups (PPLNSG)
Similar to PPLNS, but shares are grouped into “shifts” which are paid as a whole.
Proportional (Prop)
When block is found, the reward is distributed among all workers proportionally to how much shares each of them has found.
Recent Shared Maximum Pay Per Share (RSMPPS)
Like SMPPS, but system aims to prioritize the most recent miners first.
Score based system (Score)
A proportional reward, but weighed by time submitted. Each submitted share is worth more in the function of time since start of current round. For each share score is updated by: score += exp(t/C). This makes later shares worth much more than earlier shares, thus the miner’s score quickly diminishes when they stop mining on the pool. Rewards are calculated proportionally to scores (and not to shares). (at slush’s pool C=300 seconds, and every hour scores are normalized).
Shared Maximum Pay Per Share (SMPPS)
Like Pay Per Share, but never pays more than the pool earns.
Full Pay Per Share (FPPS)
Similar to PPS, but not only divides regular block reward (12.5 BTC for now) but also some of the transaction fees. Calculates a standard transaction fee within a certain period and distributes it to miners according to their hash power contributions in the pool. It will increase the miners’ earnings by sharing some of the transaction fees.
What is POOL mining?
If you are mining on a small scale, it becomes extremely hard and unpredictable to earn a stable profit on your mining income. Pool mining gives you the opportunity to join a group of miners and share earnings for a consistent payout.
What is Pool luck?
Mining is probabilistic in nature: if you find a block earlier than you statistically should on average you are lucky if it takes longer, you are unlucky. In a perfect World pool would find a block on 100% luck value. Less then 100% means the pool was lucky. More then 100% means the pool was unlucky.
What is Merged mining?
You have two totally separate block chains, they are not related in any way nor does either contain any data from the other. When you mine you generate hashes that may be the solution to the current block, this is very very improbable per hash, its like a lottery where everyone generates tickets until someone finds the winning one.
Normally you make tickets and check them against the first or second CN coin block chain to see if they are the solution. With merged mining you create a ticket and check it against both the any CN-based coin block chain and the second coin block chain (must be same CN algo). First coin blockchain and second coin blockchain know nothing about each other, they are two totally different lotteries with different winning numbers, you just sent a copy of your ticket to both. Since you are sending the same ticket to two lotteries you increase your chances of winning one or the other.
Coins remain totally separate, you simply run both the First and Second coin clients on the same machine and submit hashes to both networks. If your hash is the solution to the First coin block you get First coins if you hash is the solution to the other coin block you get both coins. It’s exactly like if you where mining on just one network, except you submit the same work twice.
What is invalid shares?
Invalid shares should not occur with a properly set up miner. They are commonly caused by unstable overclocks. The shares will not be credited, and your miner will be notified. There is no penalty for submitting invalid shares, however if you submit too many you can be banned for N minutes from mining Pool.
What is GPU mining?
This involves purchasing a graphics card for mining. While the cost of maintenance and the initial cost of purchase might be off-putting, it has a very good efficiency and can even be profitable for miners.
What is difficulty?
Difficulty is a measure of how difficult it is to find a hash below a given target.
What is CPU mining?
This involves you mining the coins using your CPU or even your mobile phone. It is accessible to everyone and easy for beginners to use. However, there’s hardly any profit to this method of mining.
What is block?
Transaction data is recorded in blocks. New transactions are being processes by miners into new blocks which are added to the end of the blockchain.
What is Block Height?
Blockchain is a distributed public ledger in which all transactions that take place on the network are recorded. Each cryptocurrencies relies on their own blockchain and each blockchain has its own set of rules and properties.
The very first block is called genesis block. From the creation of genesis block; every N minutes a new block is being added to the blockchain. Process in which the new blocks are created and linked together to the chain is never ending. It means there is no maximum number of blocks in blockchain. Even after all the coins have been mined the miners keep building up blocks at a fairly regular intervals.
The block height is the total number of blocks connected since the genesis block. The height of any given block is the number of blocks between it and the genesis block.
Block height is a good representation of time. It is used to measure the maturity and distance of the blockchain network. For example the block height of some Coin is 1.000.000 and its block time is N minutes. Now to calculate how long Coin is approximately been around just multiply block height by block time.
What is Block Explorer?
Block explorer is a website or a tool that allows one to browse through blocks and other key information on the blockchain. Block Explorer is simply a search tool. Just like how you use web browsers to browse through the Internet; block explorers allows one to browse the blockchain. They are search engines made specifically to search the blocks of a blockchain. Each and every cryptocurrency that relies on its own blockchain will also have its own block explorer. So you must use block explorers specific to that cryptocurrency. For example using Monero block explorer, you’ll not be able explore the chain of Bytecoin or Sumokoin.
What does SOLO mining mean?
Solo mining is the opposite of pool mining. You essentially submit your shares directly to the blockchain, which is the most profitable method if you run your own farm.
In long run the rewards are slightly higher as there is no pool fee or transaction fee involved. Another advantage of solo mining is that you are not prone to pool downtimes which in such case you can always setup a backup pool to your miner.
In pool mining you can predict the payouts but that is not the case when you are mining solo. As it based on luck and since the network is dynamic you can’t really predict your mining rewards. You are paid inconsistently. Also there are chances in which a wrong decision can lead you to a lot of waste in time and resources.
What are Block Rewards?
Block Reward refers to the amount of new Coins distributed by the network to the miners who solve each blocks. Block rewards are the only way how new Coins are created on the network. It operates both as an incentive mechanism as well as inflation mechanism.
Multiple RIGs to same wallet or multiple wallets?
The short answer is: Use the same address on all your miners. The wallet address is used by the pool to identify you and associate the number of shares that you have submitted. Most of the pools have payment thresholds, so if you use only one address, all your work will be associated with it, and you will reach the payment threshold faster. You can still use different addresses, the pools don’t mind, but it will slow down your payments as the same amount of shares will be spread around all your submitted wallet addresses.
Local Wallet vs. Exchange?
Local wallet
+ You own your private keys
+ No interrupts (if you have the latest version)
+ No withdraw fee (just transfer fee)
+ Just as safe as you make it (up to 100%)
— Takes longer to sell coins
Exchange wallet
— Exchange has full control of your wallet
— Wallets have maintenance time
— Usually withdraw fee
— Vulnerable if exchange gets hacked
+ Sell coins anytime you want
*keep in mind some currency exchanges require you to use payment ID (to determine who deposited the funds).
How long does it take to Pool to find a block?
It depends on amount of active miners on Pool. The more miners work on pool → the more hashrate pool has → the more blocks are found by the pool. However the more miners are active → the less reward you get from each block found.
Can I get paid on a market / exchange wallet directly from Pool?
It depends on the pool. Some of them support this feature. Be very careful to use the exact payment ID provided by the exchange, as it is the only way for the market to know that the transferred funds belong to you!
Share actual difficulty что это
In fact, his actions are in almost complete opposition to his correct analysis of the problems, time and
time again (i.e. his comments about “too much regulation,” yet he is the leader of this “Era of
[. ] Regulations,” or, “every one should pay their fair share of taxes,” yet 47% of population pay [. ]
no income tax.
mmafinance.ru
Фактически, он действует практически наперекор своему верному анализу проблем, раз за разом (например, его комментарии насчёт «слишком сильного
регулирования», в то время как он стоит во главе этой «Эры
[. ] Регулирования», или, «каждый должен платить свою справедливую долю налогов», в то время как 47% [. ]
населения не платит налогов на процентный доход.
mmafinance.ru
They must also pay their “fair share” of the cost of tackling the effects [. ]
of climate change in developing countries.
daccess-ods.un.org
Они также должны заплатить свою долю стоимости ликвидации последствий изменения [. ]
климата в развивающихся странах.
daccess-ods.un.org
FIs must also pay their full and fair share of the risks [. ]
they accept and create.
Кроме того, ФО должны в полной и справедливой мере брать [. ]
на себя финансовое участие в рисках, которые они принимают и создают в процессе своей деятельности.
And as far as “fair share” of taxes, according to the Tax Foundation, the “dreaded top 1% earn about 20% of income today (in America)… and they also pay 37% of the federal income taxes,” according to Arthur Brooks in a Wall Street Journal article on November 25.
mmafinance.ru
А что касается «справедливости», то, по данным Налогового фонда, «презираемый 1% получает сегодня около 20% всех доходов (в Америке)… и они также платят 37% всех собираемых федеральных налогов» (об этом говорилось 25 ноября в статье Артура Брукса в «Уолл Стрит Джорнал»).
mmafinance.ru
So far it has not caused the same tensions either but there is considerable discontent along the length of the river, as each downstream province or country accuses its upstream neighbour of taking more than a fair share of the water.
crisisgroup.org
До сих пор река не вызывала такой напряженности, но по ее берегам существует значительное недовольство, т.к. каждая область или страна низовья обвиняет своего верхнего соседа в чрезмерном потреблении воды.
crisisgroup.org
Due to the need for the costs of upper secondary
[. ] education and higher education to be borne fairly, students are currently required to pay a reasonable share from the point of view of the equitable [. ]
payment burden and difficulty
in securing sufficient funds in case such education is provided free-of-charge.
daccess-ods.un.org
В целях более справедливого распределения затрат на среднее
образование второй
[. ] ступени и высшее образование в настоящее время от учащихся требуется вносить разумную долю средств, исходя из принципа справедливого распределения бремени [. ]
расходов, а также
учитывая сложность выделения достаточных финансовых ресурсов в случае предоставления такого образования на безвозмездной основе.
daccess-ods.un.org
Although the production of goods for sale requires a great deal
of skill, creativity and artistry, artisans frequently lack
[. ] business skills, so may not get their fair share of profits.
Хотя производство товаров на продажу требует немало мастерства,
творческого подхода и артистизма, ремесленникам часто не хватает
[. ] деловых навыков, а это может лишить их справедливой доли прибыли.
The forthcoming preparation of Strategic Programme Frameworks (SPFs) for each of the four programme interventions in UNDAF II
affords us an opportunity to
[. ] position UNESCO to receive its fair share of pooled funds for implementation [. ]
of different aspects of the programme.
unesdoc.unesco.org
Предстоящая подготовка Стратегических программных рамок (СПР) для каждого из четырех программных мероприятий РПООНПР II предоставляет
возможность позиционировать
[. ] ЮНЕСКО для получения надлежащей доли совокупных средств в целях [. ]
осуществления различных аспектов программы.
unesdoc.unesco.org
The Court also noted that ,with no doubt each age will have its fair share of minorities and special interest groups , but in our time they include the blind, the deaf, the physically challenged and the youth in addition to the groups identified earlier.
daccess-ods.un.org
Суд также определил, что каждая эпоха несомненно отличается присущим ей набором групп меньшинств и специальных интересов, причём в наше время сюда же следует относить и слепых, и глухих, и людей с ограниченными физическими возможностями, равно как и молодёжь.
daccess-ods.un.org
The notion of decent work comprises a fair job, adequate pay, social protection, trade union rights and non-discrimination.
streetnet.org.za
Понятие достойной работы включает в себя справедливые условия работы, адекватную оплату, социальную защиту, наличие профсоюзов [. ]
и отсутствие дискриминации.
streetnet.org.za
If within the above mentioned term the Bank becomes obliged to pay the actual value of the share or part of the share or other shares or parts of shares held by several members of the Bank, the actual value of such shares or parts of shares shall be paid on account of the difference between the amount of equity funds of the Bank and the specified minimum amount of its authorized capital stock pro rata amounts [. ]
of the share or parts of shares held by members of the Bank.
Если в указанный срок у Банка появляется обязанность по выплате действительной стоимости другой доли или части доли либо других долей или частей долей, принадлежащих нескольким участникам Банка, действительная стоимость таких долей или частей долей выплачивается за счет разницы между стоимостью величины собственных средств Банка и указанным минимальным размером его Уставного капитала пропорционально размерам [. ]
доли или частей долей, принадлежащих участникам Банка.
The Organization must respond to the reality of the global financial crisis through close dialogue with its Member States, but it had not so far engaged in such a dialogue, which should aim to readjust the level of the proposed programme budget to allow the fulfilment of
mandates while still respecting economic
[. ] circumstances, including the Member States’ capacity to pay, depending on their share of world gross national income.
daccess-ods.un.org
Организация должна отреагировать на реалии глобального финансового кризиса путем проведения активного диалога со своими государствами-членами, однако она еще не приступила к проведению такого рода диалога, целью которого должна стать корректировка объема предлагаемого бюджета по программам, позволяющая обеспечить выполнение мандатов при одновременном учете
складывающихся экономических условий,
[. ] включая возможности государств-членов осуществлять платежи в зависимости от их доли в мировом валовом национальном [. ]